engineering education is based on the technical methods in the present form. Information revolution causes to access the technical education materials as a widely spread form by the students. These materials are more effective than the traditional engineering education. Thus, it is necessary to change the engineering education methods from the classical form. General workshop is a first-year course for the engineering students and it is an introduction on the engineering regulations. Nowadays, this course is run to teach the practical training. However, this goal cannot be achieved because of the short period of the course, various topics of the course and improper education methods. In this paper, this course is revised based on the teaching of engineering concepts to the students. Various engineering concepts are explained which can be educated in this course without considerable changes in practice but with magnificent change in the course prospective. It is expected that this new design helps the students more to be familiar with the engineering concepts and methods.

Bone disorders are of significant worry due to their increased prevalence in the median age. Scaffold-based bone tissue engineering holds great promise for the future of osseous defects therapies. Porous composite materials and functional coatings for metallic implants have been introduced in next generation of orthopedic medicine for tissue engineering. While osteoconductive materials such as hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphate ceramics as well as some biodegradable polymers are suggested, much interest has recently focused on the use of osteoinductive materials like demineralized bone matrix or bone derivatives. However, physiochemical modifications in terms of porosity, mechanical strength, cell adhesion, biocompatibility, cell proliferation, mineralization and osteogenic differentiation are required. This paper reviews studies on bone tissue engineering from the biomaterial point of view in scaffolding.

Spirituality leads to appreciation and hope in lives, empowers the people to be patient and hopeful encountering horrible events and feels a sense of purpose. . Hence, the acquisition of spiritual skills is rather necessary to promote mental health, peace of mind and quality of life. The purpose of this study is to identify spiritual skills. The statistical population was gathered based on databases of PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, ProQuest in the period of 2004-2019, using purposive sampling. The findings contained the keywords of Spiritual skill, Spiritual life, Spirituality were searched. Finally, 51 articles and books related to the purpose of the research were reviewed. Among these, 17 books and 12 articles were analyzed by quantitative method, 5 articles were analyzed by qualitative method, one article was analyzed by mixed-method, and 16 articles were analyzed by review method. The results showed that being honest, being alone, some exercises to have inner peace, empathy, having divine love, prayer, removing habits and doing new things, trusting in God, hiking, being more active in social activities, striving for supreme purposes and acceptance are of the spiritual skills mentioned in many researches. It seems that honesty, as the concept of homogeneity and originality toward humanistic approach (and heterogeneity in the opposite side), trying to have deep inner connection, being hopeful of God to gain the wishes, doing regular and daily spiritual activities are of the spiritual skills discussed in various studies that can promote spirituality.

Misconception refer to the knowledge structure that is activated in a wide variety of contexts and is resistant to change. In other words, any kind of scientific objection in the knowledge structure is called misconception. Misconception refer to previous ideas, unscientific thoughts and beliefs, and confusing concepts and it shows a situation in which students' opinions are completely at odds with modern scientific interpretation. Students' misconception in different courses is now a major threat in general teaching-learning process at school or college level. Students' misconception, not only in chemistry, but in other fields at all levels, constitute a major problem of concern to the science educators, researchers, teachers, and students. Therefore, it is not only vital to discover students' misconception of the concepts of chemistry, but also to change their perspective is a major challenge for teachers. Accordingly, the present paper reviews the students' common misconceptions of chemical bonds and points out some of the factors influencing the creation of this type of misunderstanding and offers some suggestions for solving this problem.

Proverbs in the Persian literature have a sublime position in the Persian literature. The historical and scientific value of proverbs is not less than inscription and stone written documents. In the social life of all people from the commons to educated, proverbs play an important role. A short proverb is enough to convey a long speech, an argument or a philosophy. The history of proverbs in Arabic language back to barbarism and in the Persian literature a clear evidence can't be found. The similarity of Meanings and concepts in the Arabic and Persian language are numerous. These similarity is mostly meaningfully and in some part semantically. The aim of this article is to investigate the proverbs from semantic, pragmatic, and idiomatic perspective both in the Persian and Arabic in order to find the similarity between proverbs in these languages. Finally the history of proverbs in both languages as well as the history of gathering Arabic proverbs has been examined.

Primary education is one of the most important periods of education. Because the basis of science's concepts is learnt in this period. Experimental science course can be considered as one of the most important courses of this period. Because what children learn in this course is closely related to the student's observations of the world around them. It is sometimes observed that pre-school children's observations lead to a misunderstanding of scientific phenomena in the student and based on the same misconceptions, the student becomes misunderstood about the scientific phenomenon. Therefore, after identifying the misunderstandings of their students, teachers should try to eliminate the misunderstandings of the students by clarifying the scientific facts to them. The present study seeks to help researchers, teachers and student-teachers, by collecting and summarizing all the research done on the misconceptions of elementary school students in the course of experimental sciences, so that, to be aware of all the researches in this field and their results, faster and easier if necessary, and to recognize the common misconceptions that students encounter in the elementary period of experimental sciences. The present article is a review article and authors have been used the library method to collect, summarize and classify information.

In today’s world the accelerated development of technology and tourism industry which imposes massive changes on different societies and the lives of people in the process of globalization, has changed the concept of geographical and political boundaries, and created the new concept of cultural boundaries. This concept mainly deals with the confrontation and interaction of cultures more than in the past. If the strategic management of the national culture is not equipped with tools such as cultural engineering in order to with possible opportunities and threats, the inefficient aspects of the native culture will be omitted and the useful, efficient elements of it will disappear as a result of the globalization of cultures. Therefore, in the cultural policy-making and planning, culture should be defined in a way that can be planned and evaluated. As an important component of culture, the identity of the individual and the society can contribute to the development of the human community or lead to its decline; this necessitates close attention to it in cultural engineering of the society. Because of its key role in developing new ideas, the higher education system, is of paramount importance in the cultural engineering. The present article seeks to define and explicate the concepts of culture and cultural engineering, and examine the necessity of these concepts and the cultural pathology in university as the origin of evolution.

Internet Multi-stakeholder governance is the latest achievement of the legal doctrine on how to regulate the rules governing the Internet (as a clear indication of the cyberspace). After the first World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) which was held in 2003, and faced with the acceptance of governments and other stakeholders in the cyber space, it draw serious attention and became operational. In fact, the promoters of this form of global governance are striving using the common concepts and rules of international law to organize the field which unlike the classic international law its only active actors are not the governments, and to some extent, international organizations and this time, other stakeholders such as social groups (individuals) and companies have a major role and influence. This paper uses an analytical-descriptive method to study the role and effectiveness of each stakeholders in the future of internet governance and the context, implications of applicable international law in this area, such as soft law, related international organizations and, finally, its existing problems and disadvantages.